Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam 1.8.18

Nitāi: Oṁ namo bhagavate vāsudevāya. Oṁ namo bhagavate vāsudevāya. [devotees repeat] [leads chanting of verse, etc.]

kuntī uvāca namasye puruṣaṁ tvādyam īśvaraṁ prakṛteḥ param alakṣyaṁ sarva-bhūtānām antar bahir avasthitam [SB 1.8.18]

[break]

Prabhupāda: Now, you editor, I think it has to be corrected. Tvā means "You." It is not "although." Read.

Nitāi: [reads translation responsively with devotees:]

[00:56]

"Śrīmatī Kuntī said: O Kṛṣṅa, I offer my obeisances unto You because You are the original personality and are unaffected by the qualities of material nature. You are existing both within and without everything, yet You are invisible to all."

Prabhupāda:

namasye puruṣaṁ tvādyam īśvaraṁ prakṛteḥ param alakṣyaṁ sarva-bhūtānām antar bahir avasthitam [SB 1.8.18]

So Kuntī is the aunt, pisimā, aunt of Kṛṣṅa. Vasudeva's sister, Kuntī. So when Kṛṣṅa was going back to Dvārakā, after finishing the Battle of Kurukṣetra and establishing Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira on the throne, His mission... His mission was that Duryodhana should be thrown out, and Yudhiṣṭhira must sit down on the throne. Dharma, Dharmarāja.

That is the desire of Kṛṣṅa, or God, that the state executive head should be as pious as Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira. That is the scheme. Unfortunately, people do not want that. They have now discovered this democracy. Democracy... "Demon-cracy." Shortcut of "demon-cracy" is "democracy." All the demons and rogues, they gather together, somehow or other votes, and occupy the seat, and the business is plundering. The business is plundering. If we talk very much upon this, it will not be very favorable, but according to śāstra... We, we talk according to śāstra, that the democracy means assembly of rogues and plunderers. That is the statement in the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. Dasyu-dharmabhiḥ. The government men will be all dasyu. Dasyu means plunderer—not pickpocket. Pickpocket, somehow or other, if you do not understand, takes something from your pocket; and the plunderer, or the dasyu, he catches you and by force, "If you don't spare your money, I shall kill you." They are called dasyu.

So the, in the present Age of Kali, the government men will be dasyu. This is stated in the Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam. Dasyu-dharmabhiḥ. You can..., we can see practically. You cannot keep your money. You earn with hard labor, but you cannot keep gold, you cannot keep jewelry, you cannot keep money. And... They will take it away by laws. So they make law that... Yudhiṣṭhira Mahārāja was just quite opposite. He wanted to see that every citizen is so happy that they are not troubled even by excessive heat and excessive cold. Ati-vyādhi. They are not suffering from any disease, they are not suffering from excessive climatic influence; eating very nicely, and feeling security of person and property. That was Yudhiṣṭhira Mahārāja. Not only Yudhiṣṭhira Mahārāja; almost all the kings, they were like that.

So Kṛṣṅa is the original king, because He is stated here, puruṣam ādyam īśvaram. Īśvaram means controller. He's the original controller. That is stated in the Bhagavad-gītā. Mayādhyakṣeṅa. Mayādhyakṣeṅa prakṛtiḥ sūyate sa-carācaram [Bg 9.10].

[This material nature is working under My direction, O son of Kuntī, and it is producing all moving and unmoving beings. By its rule this manifestation is created and annihilated again and again.]

Even this material nature, wonderful things are going on, that is being controlled by Kṛṣṅa. This is to be understood. So we are reading Bhagavad-gītā and Śrīmad-Bhāgavatam and other Vedic literature. What is the purpose? The purpose is vedaiś ca sarvair aham eva vedyam [Bg 15.15].

[I am seated in everyone's heart, and from Me come remembrance, knowledge and forgetfulness. By all the Vedas am I to be known; indeed I am the compiler of Vedānta, and I am the knower of the Vedas.]

The purpose is to understand Kṛṣṅa. If you don't understand Kṛṣṅa, then your reading of so-called Vedas and Vedāntas and Upaniṣads, they are useless waste of time. So here Kuntī is directly saying that "My dear Kṛṣṅa, You are ādyaṁ puruṣam, the original person. And īśvaram. You are not ordinary person. You are the supreme controller." That is understanding of Kṛṣṅa. Īśvaraḥ paramaḥ kṛṣṅaḥ [Bs 5.1].

[Kṛṣṅa who is known as Govinda is the Supreme Godhead. He has an eternal blissful spiritual body. He is the origin of all. He has no other origin and He is the prime cause of all causes.]

Everyone is controller, but the supreme controller is Kṛṣṅa.

So although this material world is condemned—duḥkhālayam aśāśvatam [Bg 8.15],

[After attaining Me, the great souls, who are yogīs in devotion, never return to this temporary world, which is full of miseries, because they have attained the highest perfection.]

Kṛṣṅa says—it is also Kṛṣṅa's kingdom, because everything belongs to God, Kṛṣṅa. So this condemned place is created for suffering of the condemned persons. Who are condemned? Those who have forgotten Kṛṣṅa and wants to become happy independently, they are all condemned demons. And those who are surrendered to Kṛṣṅa, they are not condemned. That is the difference. So although Kṛṣṅa has created this material world for the condemned person, still, He wants to see that they are having their necessities of life and..., so that they may live prosperously. And let them enjoy for some time this material world according to their inclination. But at last, let them come back home, back to home, back to Godhead. Just like the prisoners: they are condemned, and the government puts them into jail. So for their criminality they are punished within the jail. But the government does not want that these prisoners may remain perpetually within the jail. The same thing. Try to understand. Government does not want. Government wants that "They have been condemned. So for their criminality, let them suffer for some time. And then they correct themselves and again they are freed."

Not that government does... Sometimes government arranges nice instruction, classes. Perhaps those who were with me in Ahmedabad... We were invited by the jail authorities to speak. Who were with me? Nobody? In Ahmedabad?

Devotee: I was.

Prabhupāda: Yes. So I was given place just in front of the room where Gandhi was imprisoned. That..., that room is considered as sacred. So government makes such arrangement that "These prisoners may be corrected." Similarly, in this material world, although we are all condemned... Anyone who is within this material world, he is condemned. Simply there is division. Just like in jail also, there are first-class prisoners, there are second-class prisoners and third-class prisoners. The first-class prisoners, they are given some facilities. Just like political prisoners, they are given separate bungalow and servants, newspaper, book. But they cannot go out of the prison. That is called first class. Similarly, there are second class, and third class, ordinary.

So here also, we are first-class, second-class, third-class prisoners. Therefore we find so many varieties of living condition. But we are all prisoners. And He's the supreme controller. Therefore Kṛṣṅa, as supreme controller, He wants His representative to rule over this material world. That is Kṛṣṅa's mission. In every planet there is a person, representative of Kṛṣṅa, who is ruling over the planet. Just like the sun planet: the sun planet is being ruled by the sun-god. His name is Vivasvān. He was also instructed by Kṛṣṅa, and that is explained in the Fourth Chapter, imaṁ vivasvate yogaṁ proktavān aham avyayam [Bg 4.1]:

[The Blessed Lord said: I instructed this imperishable science of yoga to the sun-god, Vivasvān, and Vivasvān instructed it to Manu, the father of mankind, and Manu in turn instructed it to Ikṣvāku.]

"I spoke this philosophy of Bhagavad-gītā..." Just like He spoke to Arjuna, similarly He spoke also. And who can know? He spoke to all the rulers of different planets—Indra, Candra, Varuṅa, sun-god, moon-god, that... So many. Thirty-three millions of planets and thirty-three millions of ruler. So He wants His representative.

So it is the duty of the representative of Kṛṣṅa to reform these condemned person to Kṛṣṅa consciousness. This is their duty. Kṛṣṅa wants that "These rascals, these condemned persons who are suffering in this material world, and they cannot understand that 'We are suffering...,' they are making plan. No plan will be successful." Daivī hy eṣā guṅamayī mama māyā duratyayā [Bg 7.14].

[This divine energy of Mine, consisting of the three modes of material nature, is difficult to overcome. But those who have surrendered unto Me can easily cross beyond it.]

You can make your plan, but it will never be successful. The only plan will be successful—what is that? Mām eva ye prapadyante māyām etāṁ taranti te [Bg 7.14]. That is the only plan. There is no other plan. But these rascals, they are being put into severe penalties—duḥkhālayam aśāśvatam [Bg 8.15]—more and mo...

[After attaining Me, the great souls, who are yogīs in devotion, never return to this temporary world, which is full of miseries, because they have attained the highest perfection.]

The more they are forgetting God, they are put in..., they are put into more and more miserable condition. Practically we see, with the advancement Kali-yuga, people are forgetting his relationship with Kṛṣṅa, and the price of commodity and the food grains, the price is increasing. They cannot eat sufficiently. So many people are dying of starvation. If they cannot eat, how they will live?

Therefore Kṛṣṅa gives His instruction. He's the supreme ruler. He gives this order: annād bhavanti bhūtāni [Bg 3.14],

[All living bodies subsist on food grains, which are produced from rain. Rains are produced by performance of yajña [sacrifice], and yajña is born of prescribed duties.]

"You require food grains." This is practical. Who will disagree with Kṛṣṅa, that "We don't require food grains; we require bolts and nuts in the factory"? Who will say? This is practical. So they do not... Just like we see here that, that they do not grow food grains. They are growing jute, because they will get some money, more money. But the rascal does not know that "I will get more money, and it will be taken away next by the food grain seller." So similarly, we are interested in industry, in plan-making, this, that, so many things. But Kṛṣṅa does not say that "You open slaughterhouse and industries and brothels and cinema." No. Kṛṣṅa does not say. Kṛṣṅa says, "Grow more food, rascal! You'll eat and become strong." And nobody is obeying Kṛṣṅa. Is it not? Practically try to understand Bhagavad-gītā and Śrīmad-Bhāgavata. Not by sentiment. And preach this philosophy all over the world.

What Kṛṣṅa says, that is practical. Annād bhavanti bhūtāni parjanyād anna-sambhavaḥ [Bg 3.14]. "How we shall get anna? There is no rain." You see nowadays, there is no rain. Why? Because you are..., we are all rascals. We do not know how to get rain. Kṛṣṅa says, parjanyād anna-sambhavaḥ: "There will be food grains when there is sufficient rain." And how rain there will be? Yajñād bhavati parjanyaḥ [Bg 3.14]: "And if you perform yajña, then there will be sufficient rain." So nowadays you..., people may say, "How to perform yajña? It requires so much money, so much ghee, so much food grains to offer as oblations." But Kṛṣṅa has made it very easy. Yajñaiḥ saṅkīrtana-prāyair yajanti hi sumedhasaḥ [SB 11.5.32].

[In the Age of Kali, intelligent persons perform congregational chanting to worship the incarnation of Godhead who constantly sings the names of Kṛṣṅa. Although His complexion is not blackish, He is Kṛṣṅa Himself. He is accompanied by His associates, servants, weapons and confidential companions.]

Yajñaiḥ saṅkīrtana-prāyaiḥ. I know, the śāstras know that in the Kali-yuga it will be very difficult to perform the ritualistic yajña ceremony because people will be poor, poverty-stricken. Where they will get ghee, and where they will get grains? No. This is yajña: kalau nāsty eva nāsty eva nāsty eva gatir anyathā. Harer nāma harer nāma harer nāmaiva kevalam [Cc Ādi 17.21].

[In this Age of Kali there is no other means, no other means, no other means for self-realization than chanting the holy name, chanting the holy name, chanting the holy name of Lord Hari.]

This is yajña.

So people are so rascal, they will not even chant Hare Kṛṣṅa mantra. Kṛṣṅa, svayaṁ bhagavān... Caitanya Mahāprabhu, He introduced. Saṅkīrtanaika-pitarau. Gaura and Nityānanda is the father of the saṅkīrtana movement. Therefore Vṛndāvana dāsa Ṭhākura has offered his prayer, saṅkīrtanaika-pitarau ājānu-lambita-bhujau kanakāvadātau, saṅkīrtanaika-pitarau kamalāyatākṣau [CB Ādi-khaṅḍa 1.1], vande mahā-puruṣa te caraṅāravindam. So Kṛṣṅa is teaching. Kṛṣṅa is so kind. He's personally teaching, that is "Perform yajña." He's personally chanting, dancing, Caitanya Mahāprabhu. The picture is in our front. Personally He's teaching us, "Perform this yajña, you rascal, and you'll get everything. You'll get everything." Now, where is the proof? The proof is Kṛṣṅa consciousness movement. We are simply chanting Hare Kṛṣṅa mahā-mantra and spending crores of rupees. Simply. What we are doing? We are not doing any business. We have not many professional men. But why we are getting...? We are spending eight lakhs of rupees per month. And we have got food, we have got milk. We are, rather, feeding others also, bringing food. So why don't you see practically how these Kṛṣṅa conscious people... They... They know that we are fabulously rich. This question was raised in Parliament also. So how we became fabulously rich? We do not do anything. I have not taught you anything magic. I simply request you, "Chant Hare Kṛṣṅa mantra sixteen times, please." But you... We are not even following that. This is the only remedy. Yajñaiḥ saṅkīrtana-prāyair yajanti hi sumedhasaḥ [SB 11.5.32].

[In the Age of Kali, intelligent persons perform congregational chanting to worship the incarnation of Godhead who constantly sings the names of Kṛṣṅa. Although His complexion is not blackish, He is Kṛṣṅa Himself. He is accompanied by His associates, servants, weapons and confidential companions.]

So Kṛṣṅa is the Supreme Personality of Godhead, Īśvara. He's teaching us this yajña. He's giving us the hint. Yajñād bhavati parjanyaḥ [Bg 3.14].

[All living bodies subsist on food grains, which are produced from rain. Rains are produced by performance of yajña [sacrifice], and yajña is born of prescribed duties.]

If you do not accept this Movement, then you'll go on suffering, suffering, suffering, suffering. If you don't accept this principle, then your future is simply suffering.

prāyeṅālpāyuṣaḥ sabhya kalāv asmin yuge janāḥ mandāḥ sumanda-matayo manda-bhāgyā hy upadrutāḥ [SB 1.1.10]

[O learned one, in this iron Age of Kali men almost always have but short lives. They are quarrelsome, lazy, misguided, unlucky and, above all, always disturbed.]

This is the symptoms of Kali-yuga. Manda-bhāgyāḥ, all unfortunate. All unfortunate. Everyone must suffer. This is the position. But if you chant Hare Kṛṣṅa mahā-mantra, perform the yajña... Because this is the instruction by the Supreme Person. Puruṣaṁ tvā ādyam. Ādyaṁ puruṣam, the original person. The origin of everything, janmādy asya yataḥ [SB 1.1.1], the Supreme Person, from whom everything has come down. That is the order. So Caitanya Mahāprabhu taught us that harer nāma harer nāma harer nāmaiva kevalam [Cc Ādi 17.21].

[In this Age of Kali there is no other means, no other means, no other means for self-realization than chanting the holy name, chanting the holy name, chanting the holy name of Lord Hari.]

We are certainly in difficult position, but the only remedy is that we must chant the holy name of the Lord repeatedly. And that will solve all the problems. You preach this cult all over the world.

So Kṛṣṅa is the original person. He has admitted, and śāstra admits, and here is another authority, Kuntī. Kuntī, the mother of the Pāṅḍavas. Kuntī's not ordinary woman. Kṛṣṅa has gone to offer His respect, to take the dust of his [her] feet. Because materially she happens to be aunt of Kṛṣṅa, elderly lady, superior, so Kṛṣṅa has gone to pay His respect before departing. That is the system, Vedic system, to offer respect to the superior first of all. Before going... "No..." Kṛṣṅa is going. "[S]he knows that 'I am Personality of Godhead.' " No. Kṛṣṅa was touching the feet of Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira because he was elder brother. When Kṛṣṅa used to come at the Pāṅḍavas' house, every Pāṅḍavas knew that Kṛṣṅa is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. It was not unknown to them. But Kṛṣṅa was coming down and touching the feet of Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira. And Mahārāja Yudhiṣṭhira was not returning. He was embracing Him because He was younger brother. So this is the etiquette.

So the idea is that Kṛṣṅa is the original person. That is admitted by Arjuna also, paraṁ brahma paraṁ dhāma pavitraṁ paramaṁ bhavān puruṣaṁ śāśvataṁ ādyam [Bg 10.12].

[Arjuna said: You are the Supreme Brahman, the ultimate, the supreme abode and purifier, the Absolute Truth and the eternal divine person. You are the primal God, transcendental and original, and You are the unborn and all-pervading beauty. All the great sages such as Nārada, Asita, Devala, and Vyāsa proclaim this of You, and now You Yourself are declaring it to me.]

They know, knew it. Not only Kuntī knows. But Kṛṣṅa was, when present, how many people knew Him? Only the Pāṅḍavas knew Him perfectly, the Pāṅḍava family. And some of the other, Kuru family. Bhīṣma knew Him. Even Dhṛtarāṣṭra also knew Him. And many other saintly persons, Vyāsadeva, Devala, Nārada Muni. Nārada Muni, of course, does not belong to this planet. So to know Kṛṣṅa is not very easy job. Manuṣyāṅāṁ sahasreṣu kaścid yatati siddhaye [Bg 7.3].

[Out of many thousands among men, one may endeavor for perfection, and of those who have achieved perfection, hardly one knows Me in truth.]

Still, if Kṛṣṅa is pleased, then He can make Himself known to a devotee. Athāpi te deva padāmbuja-dvaya-prasāda-leśānugṛhīta eva hi, jānāti tattvam [SB 10.14.29].

[My Lord, if one is favored by even a slight trace of the mercy of Your lotus feet, he can understand the greatness of Your personality. But those who speculate to understand the Supreme Personality of Godhead are unable to know You, even though they continue to study the Vedas for many years.]

Anyone who is in receipt of little favor of Kṛṣṅa, he can understand Kṛṣṅa.

So Kṛṣṅa is the original person. Another significance of this verse: Kṛṣṅa is not woman. Just like there are some so-called speculators, that "Kṛṣṅa is also... Kṛṣṅa, the Absolute Truth, or the Supreme Person, can..., is also woman." But He's not woman. He can assume the role of woman if He likes, but does not mean He's woman, woman. He's man. Man means the enjoyer. Man, or puruṣa. Not man; puruṣa. So They are puruṣāvatāra. The three Viṣṅus, They are called puruṣāvatāra. Kāraṅārṅavaśāyī Viṣṅu and the Garbhodakaśāyī Viṣṅu and Kṣīrodakaśāyī Viṣṅu, They are called puruṣāvatāra. So Kṛṣṅa is puruṣa. Kṛṣṅa is the enjoyer. And ādyam, the original enjoyer. Ādyam, puruṣam. But what kind of puruṣa? Like you and me? Just like we are also assuming puruṣa, "I am male." Not like you. Prakṛteḥ param. These puruṣa... I am puruṣa, another man is..., another living entity is woman. These are dresses given by this material nature.

Actually, we are not puruṣa. We are all prakṛtis. It is stated in the Bhagavad-gītā,

apareyam itas tu viddhi me prakṛtiṁ parām jīva-bhūtāṁ mahā-bāho yayedaṁ dhāryate jagat [Bg 7.5]

[Besides this inferior nature, O mighty-armed Arjuna, there is a superior energy of Mine, which are all living entities who are struggling with material nature and are sustaining the universe.]

We are all prakṛtis. Don't try to become enjoyer. Prakṛti means enjoyed. Prakṛti is predominated, and puruṣa is the predominator. So because we are..., actually our constitutional position is to become predominated and we are trying artificially to become predominator, that is the trouble. Every one of us, we are trying to become predominator. Actually, we should be predominated. So when we agree to become predominated and agree to surrender to Kṛṣṅa, "Yes, Kṛṣṅa, I was so long under misconception that I am predominator. You are predominator; I am predominated. So I surrender unto You." Mānasa deha geha jo kichu mora, arpiluṅ tuwā pade nanda-kiśora. This is Bhaktivinoda Ṭhākura's statement. If we become like that, then we'll be happy—to be predominated.

And don't try to become imitator. But the imitation is so strong that even persons who are very much elevated in knowledge, they are also falsely presenting that "I am God." The māyā's influence is so strong that at the last stage... Therefore they fall down. These people, these Māyāvādīs who are trying to become God... Āruhya kṛcchreṅa paraṁ padaṁ tataḥ [SB 10.2.32],

[[Someone may say that aside from devotees, who always seek shelter at the Lord's lotus feet, there are those who are not devotees but who have accepted different processes for attaining salvation. What happens to them? In answer to this question, Lord Brahmā and the other demigods said:] O lotus-eyed Lord, although nondevotees who accept severe austerities and penances to achieve the highest position may think themselves liberated, their intelligence is impure. They fall down from their position of imagined superiority because they have no regard for Your lotus feet.]

to merge into the existence of the Supreme. You can merge, but you cannot be equal. That is not possible. Asamordhva. But the Māyāvādīs, they are thinking, "We are as good as Kṛṣṅa." Therefore they do not go to the temple of Kṛṣṅa, because they think self Nārāyaṅa, Kṛṣṅa. But that is a mistake. Therefore śāstra says that ye 'nye 'ravindākṣa vimukta-māninaḥ. They are thinking that they have become liberated, become Nārāyaṅa, Nārāyaṅa, God, but that is aviśuddha-buddhayaḥ. Because... They are thinking like that because their intelligence is not yet cleansed. Aviśuddha-buddhayaḥ. Therefore āruhya kṛcchreṅa paraṁ padaṁ tataḥ patanty adhaḥ anādṛta-yuṣmad-aṅghrayaḥ [SB 10.2.32]. Āruhya kṛcchreṅa, by performing severe austerities, penances, they come to the stage of merging in the Brahman effulgence, but that [will] not solve the problem. In the Brahman effulgence they fall down again.

So Kṛṣṅa is the only puruṣa. Prakṛteḥ param. So prakṛteḥ param. Therefore Kṛṣṅa is not a puruṣa like us. We are within the prakṛti. We are within the prakṛti. He is beyond the prakṛti. Therefore His body is not material. He's not within the prakṛti. But the rascals, they cannot understand this. They think that "Kṛṣṅa is like us." Avajānanti māṁ mūḍhā mānuṣīṁ tanum āśritam [Bg 9.11].

[Fools deride Me when I descend in the human form. They do not know My transcendental nature and My supreme dominion over all that be.]

So because they are mūḍhas, they think that "Kṛṣṅa is like us. Kṛṣṅa has a body like us." But that is actually not the fact. Here Kuntī says, authority says, prakṛteḥ param. Prakṛteḥ param, alakṣyam. The prakṛteḥ param... Suppose something beyond our vision. Just like we are sitting down this house; we cannot see what is going on upstairs. Alakṣyam. So if Kṛṣṅa is a person beyond this material creation, how we can see Him? Alakṣyam. Alakṣyaṁ sarva-bhūtānām. Still, He is in everyone's heart. Īśvaraḥ sarva-bhūtānāṁ hṛd-deśe arjuna tiṣṭhati [Bg 18.61].

[The Supreme Lord is situated in everyone's heart, O Arjuna, and is directing the wanderings of all living entities, who are seated as on a machine, made of the material energy.]

So alakṣyam, invisible, those who are yogīs, they are trying to see. They are trying to... Dhyānāvasthita-tad-gatena manasā paśyanti yaṁ yoginaḥ [SB 12.13.1].

[Sūta Gosvāmī said: Unto that personality whom Brahmā, Varuṅa, Indra, Rudra and the Maruts praise by chanting transcendental hymns and reciting the Vedas with all their corollaries, pada-kramas and Upaniṣads, to whom the chanters of the Sāma Veda always sing, whom the perfected yogīs see within their minds after fixing themselves in trance and becoming fully absorbed in thoughts of Him, and whose limit can never be found by any demigod or demon—unto that Supreme Personality of Godhead I offer my humble obeisances.]

Dhyānāvasthita. They are trying to see. So there are different processes of seeing, but actually you can see by one process. That is bhakti. Bhaktyā mām abhijānāti yāvān yaś cāsmi tattvataḥ [Bg 18.55].

[One can understand the Supreme Personality as He is only by devotional service. And when one is in full consciousness of the Supreme Lord by such devotion, he can enter into the kingdom of God.]

So those who have taken the path of devotional service, they'll be able to understand that Kṛṣṅa is everywhere. Sarvaṁ khalv idaṁ brahma [Chāndogya Upaniṣad 3.14.1].

[Everything, both matter and spirit, is non-different from the Supreme Personality of Godhead who is the Supreme Brahman.]

Ahaṁ brahmaṅo hi pratiṣṭhā. Kṛṣṅa is the origin of this Brahman effulgence, you have heard so many times. Kṛṣṅa is Paramātmā, and Kṛṣṅa is the Supreme Personality of Godhead. In this way try to understand Kṛṣṅa, and then you are liberated.

Thank you very much.

Devotees: Jaya Śrīla Prabhupāda. [end]